Observation

There are several different types of observation:

Non-participant observation - The researcher observes the group without taking part. For example, using a two-way mirror to watch children playing.

Participant Observation - The researcher takes part on the event or everyday life of the group while observing it.

Further, separate distinction can be made between Overt Observation which is when the researcher makes their true identity and purpose known to those being studied. The sociologist is open about what they are doing.

Covert Observation - The study is carried out "under cover" The researcher's real identity and purpose are kept concealed from the group being studied. The researcher takes on a false identity and role, usually posing as a genuine member of the group.

It is not always possible for sociologists to fit neatly into each category. Whyte's study "Street Corner Society" involved him being semi-overt. He revealed his identity and purpose to a key member of the group, "Doc", but not to other members.

In sociology the most popular type of participant observation is unstructured and usually used by Interpretivists. However very occasionally Positivists use structured observation, usually non-participant, to systematically categorise what is happening e.g. how often a boy or girl in a reception class plays with a particular toy. This can then be used to produce quantitative data.